Confucius (3019 words) Essay Example For Students

Confucius (3019 words) Essay ConfuciusAs Confucius reasoning despite everything stays in the core of numerous Chinese individuals. His pictures of the best proficient instructor ever, the best thinker in Chinese history and his impact toward the future and the previous 2000 years of Chinese human progress has made his idea the embodiment of the Chinese culture. He generally said the significance of instructing could change the eventual fate of the human advancement. What's more, he likewise urged his understudies to investigate the different things to learn, however be specific and cautious. The motivation behind Confucius educating was down to earth and intended to enable every individual to improve his character and lead, and maybe become arranged for an official situation in the court. As per one section in the Analects, Confucius showed four things: culture, lead, dependability, and truthfulness.1 Culture comprised of writing and music. Confucius recommended the estimation of each: Let a man be animated by v erse, set up in character by the principles of legitimacy, and idealized by music.2 These interests were implies by which one may accomplish the higher perfect of following the Way. The courteous fellow widely considers writing and controls himself with the principles of respectability. In this manner he won't abuse the Way.3 And likewise Set your heart upon the Way. Bolster yourself by its ideals. Depend on goodness. Discover entertainment in the arts.4 Confucius put the ethical obligations before human expressions as the basic exercises of the honorable man. A youthful keeps an eye working is to carry on well to his folks at home and to in adoration to all, and to develop the fellowship of the great. In the event that, when all that is done, he has any vitality to extra, at that point let him study the social arts.5 Confucius showed numerous themes around these subjects, however the most significance of these is the appropriateness, custom and the Way of being a Gentleman. From th ese to accomplish the Jen. Confucius made them overpower message: on the off chance that we are to accomplish a condition of deliberateness and harmony, we have to come back to conventional estimations of ideals. These qualities depend completely on one idea: Jen, which is ideal, deciphered as sympathy. This compassion is a moderately bizarre idea to Western individuals, since it isn't basically a practicable excellence. The guidelines of respectability offered a code of acknowledged conduct that showed to themselves as well as other people that they were refined and appropriate noble men. For Confucius, the noble man knew and acted by the guidelines of respectability. In the main part of Analects, Yu-Tzu gives the estimation of the standards of appropriateness. Among the elements of appropriateness the most important is that it sets up amicability. The Way of the old rulers from this congruity got its magnificence. It is the core value of everything incredible and little. On the of f chance that things go out of order, and he who realizes the amicability attempts to accomplish it without directing it by the guidelines of appropriateness, they will even now go amiss.6 Confucius clarifies what can occur if lead isn't guided by respectability. Civility not limited by the standards of respectability gets tedious. Alert not limited by the standards of legitimacy becomes shyness, brave becomes defiance, straightforwardness gets rudeness.7 Nevertheless, Confucius didn't have confidence in over-floundering in services, and the emotions ought to be appropriate to the circumstances. In functions it is smarter to be saving than lavish. Burial service functions ought to be seen in profound distress as opposed to in fear.8 By a similar mean, When substance, one gets hypercritical. At the point when substance and refinement are appropriately mixed, at that point one is a gentleman.9 Confucius realized that the old courses had been diminished in his time, and that such decre ase was politic. Were anybody today to serve his sovereign as indicated by the full guidelines of legitimacy he would be thought a sycophant.10Many Confucius understudies were enthusiasm to become authorities in government thus as Confucius himself, needed the chance to exhort rulers. His point is to incorporated his insight. A man might have the option to present the 300 Odes; in any case, if when given a post in the administration, he doesn't have the foggiest idea the proper behavior, or when sent determined to far parts he can't address explicit inquiries, anyway broad his insight might be, of what use is it to him.11 Nevertheless, an authority must develop himself and control his own direct before he could would like to manage over others. Henceforth, personal development was essential to participating in legislative issues. In the event that a clergyman makes his own direct right, he will have no trouble in aiding government. Be that as it may, in the event that he can't corre ct himself, by what means can he amend others?12 Despite Confucius represents intelligence and Jen as fundamental to administering, they despite everything must be cultivated with pride, and as indicated by respectability. He clarifies why. He whose insight brings him into power, needs goodness to make sure about that power. Else, however he gets it, he will surely lose it. He whose shrewdness brings him into force and who has goodness to make sure about that power, in the event that he has not nobility to move toward the average folks, they won't regards him. He whose insight brought him into power, who has goodness to make sure about that force, and pride to move toward the ordinary citizens, on the off chance that he handles them as opposed to the standards of appropriateness, full greatness isn't reached. 13Confucius accepted that authorities political activity ought to follow the Way. His activities will shift contingent upon whether the administration is following the Way or n ot. Confucius offers this guidance for the diverse circumstances:Have true confidence and love learning. Be not hesitant to bite the dust for seeking after the great Way. Try not to enter an express that seeks after hazardous courses, nor remain in a disorganized one. At the point when the Way wins under Heaven, at that point show yourself; when it doesn't win, at that point cover up. At the point when he Way wins in your own property and you are poor and in an unassuming position, are embarrassed about yourself. At the point when the Way doesn't win in your property and you are affluent and in a decent position, are embarrassed about yourself. 14These was somebody misconstrue how to incorporate the Way. ChiKang-tzu inquired as to whether it would be a smart thought to execute the individuals who had not the Way so as to help the individuals who had the Way. Confucius stated, You are there to control, not to execute. On the off chance that you want what is acceptable, the individual s will be acceptable. The embodiment of the man of his word is that of wind; the pith of little individuals is that of grass. Also, when a breeze blows over the grass, at that point it bends.15 The best possible connection between a ruler and his pastor is the ruler should adore his kin, while the clergyman ought to be faithful to the ruler. Confucius clarifies the correct conduct of each. How might he be said really to cherish, who demands no exertion from the objects of his adoration? How might he be supposed to be really faithful, who ceases from advising the objects of his loyalty?16 Confucius sums up the craft of the ruler as follows:A nation of a thousand war-chariots can't be managed except if the ruler goes to carefully to business, promptly watches his guarantees, is prudent in consumption, cherishes the individuals, and utilizations the work of the lower class just at the best possible occasions of year.17The fundamental topic in Confucius lessons was the manner by which t o turn into a decent and highminded individual by improving his own character. When Tzu-lu inquired as to whether mental fortitude was to be regarded by the man of his word, Confucius stated, The man of honor holds equity to be of most elevated significance. On the off chance that a man of his word has fearlessness however disregards equity, he gets extremist. In the event that a mediocre man has fortitude however disregards equity, he turns into a criminal. 18 Confucius fundamental techniques for accomplishing these ideals was learning. Nonetheless, learning isn't sufficient to satisfy the need. Individuals must have the option to think. He who adapts however doesn't believe is lost; he who thinks yet doesn't learn is in danger.19 Confucius additionally makes reference to the kinship and the ethics of reliability and earnestness. Above all else, be devoted to your bosses, keep all guarantees, deny the companionship of all who dislike you; and on the off chance that you have committ ed an error, don't fear conceding the reality and correcting your ways.20 Confucius disclose to his understudies which sorts of companions are advantageous and which are hurtful to their characters. There are three sorts of companionships which are beneficial, and three which are harmful. Fellowships with the upstanding, companionships with the genuine, and kinships with those very much educated are worthwhile. Fellowships with the individuals who compliment, kinships with those of powerless guideline, and companionships with those discussion cunningly are injurious.21 The ace likewise uncover there are three sorts of delights which are beneficial, and three which are damaging. Discovering joy in the segregating investigation of functions and music, discovering delight in talking about the valid statements in the direct of others, and discovering joy in having numerous savvy companions, these are profitable. Be that as it may, discovering delight in reprobate satisfactions, discover ing joy out of gear straying about, and discovering joy in devouring, these are injurious.22Ritual, was a significant subject of study. It has been represent by the verse and music from the investigation of Confucius. It is likewise the Way of instructing individuals to the Gentleman level. In the event that a man isn't others conscious, what has he to do with custom? On the off chance that a man isn't sympathetic, what has he to do with music?23 Confucius had clarify the connection among custom and Jen in more prominent subtleties. Yen Hui got some information about sympathy. The ace said,To stifle oneself and come back to custom is compassionate. On the off chance that for one day a ruler could curb himself and come back to custom, at that point all under Heaven would react to the compassion in him. For does compassion continue from the man himself, or does it continue from others?do not talk what is in opposition to custom, and make no development, which is in opposition to ritua l.24Poetry had more extensive humanistic qualities for getting oneself and others, and even expanded ones familiarity with the common world. My kids, for what reason do you not study the Book of Poetry? The Odes serve to invigorate the brain.

Difference Between Por Qué and Para Qué in Spanish

How Daily Rewards Can Help You Quit Smoking

How Daily Rewards Can Help You Quit Smoking Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking Print How Daily Rewards Can Help You Quit Smoking for Good By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Updated on July 13, 2018 Morsa Images / Digital Vision / Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking After You Quit Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery For most of us, the early days of smoking cessation involve quite a bit of  work. Nicotine withdrawal and the associations we have between the activities in our lives and cigarettes can be consuming. Thoughts of smoking are incessant and uncomfortable. We wonder if well ever be free of the urge to smoke or doomed to be forever enslaved  to  nicotine addiction. While this phase of recovery is challenging, the good news is that the discomforts are all temporary. Better days are ahead, as long as you find ways to manage nicotine withdrawal successfully. As smokers, we all know how big a deal it is to not smoke for an entire day. So, early on, its important to celebrate each and every smoke-free day we complete. Doing this achieves  more than positive reinforcement, although that certainly plays a part. Lets take a closer look. Life is hectic enough as it is without the additional tension that smoking cessation throws into the mix. Daily rewards  help us in a few important ways. Daily Rewards Can Reduce Stress While its true that smoking cessation will eventually help us to live a less stressed life, initially, quitting tobacco tends to increase stress. Learning to navigate the day without smoke breaks is hard. We have leaned on cigarettes for everything from waking up in the morning to relaxing after a meal and dealing with anger. Now we have to learn to manage the activities in our lives without smoking, and we feel the tension that creates. At the end of each smoke-free day, choose rewards that help release the stress of the day and recharge your batteries for the day ahead.  Think time alone with a good book and a cup of tea, devoting an hour to a favorite hobby, a long soaking bath or going for a walk on the beach with the dog. Activities like this can work wonders for rejuvenating body, mind, and soul. Daily Rewards Provide a Replacement for the Instant Reward of Nicotine Smoking gives us an instant hit of nicotine, causing a release of dopamine in our brains. Dopamine makes us feel good, and researchers believe that its this chemical reaction is why some drugs are addictive. Over time, we come to expect this little feel good hit numerous times a day.  Its called instant gratification, and when we quit, we miss it.  Giving ourselves a small daily reward helps to relieve some of those pleasure hits we miss.  While its not an instant reward were receiving multiple times a day, it does give us positive feedback on a daily basis.  Its also training us to wait for rewards in a gradual way. Daily Rewards Motivate Us We all need to hear that were doing well and that the task were working so hard to accomplish is worth it.  It inspires us to keep going until weve overcome the temptation to smoke. For most of us, that takes a year of smoke-free living, but dont worry.  The angst of nicotine withdrawal fades and with every passing month, we are stronger and more motivated to make the change a permanent one. Healthier ... Wealthier, Too Speaking of rewards, lets not forget the money saved when we quit smoking. With cigarette prices reaching upwards of $10 to $15 per pack here in the United States, the money adds up quickly. Why not collect the cash you would have spent on cigarettes in a jar and use it every so often to reward yourself with something special? Monthly smoke-free milestones are a great time to splurge on yourself. Save up for a trip or some other luxury when you reach a year smoke-free. Think about it: a pack a day smoker will save $ 3650 in one year at $10 per pack. You deserve to have  tangible rewards that were purchased with cigarette moneyâ€"and think what powerful motivators they are. Final Thoughts Make a list of simple rewards that you can use to help motivate you, along with some ideas for special rewards for bigger non-smoking milestones. Feed your health and well-being with a daily reward that has meaning for you, and keep your quit program at the top of your priority list for as long as it takes. Its worth the work, and easier to accomplish with a few well-deserved rewards sprinkled in along the way.

John Ruskin s Impact On Society - 1254 Words

To do what one thinks and believes in, regardless of the positive or negative outcome, is very important in society to create change. This is something people are lacking today. John Ruskin has a famous quote, supporting this idea. â€Å"What we think, or what we know, or what we believe is, in the end, of little consequence. The only consequence is what we do.† To start off, society has this idea that consequences are only negative affects, but really, the definition of consequence is a result or effect of an action or condition. Using all of that to understand the quote from John Ruskin, I interpreted it in the way that all people have thoughts, knowledge, and beliefs. But, what the people do with those thoughts, knowledge, and beliefs, are what will make a change in the end. If no one tells their ideas, how will anything ever change? A prime example of a person who wasn’t afraid to tell their beliefs would be Martin Luther King Jr. He was not phased by people judgin g him for his skin color or beliefs. He just said what he thought was right, and although he died for it, he did change society in a positive way. I strongly agree with Ruskin’s quote because change only occurs when someone goes out of their way to try and cause it. Generally speaking, it seems like the most common subjects people are afraid to speak out about is regarding government and the economy. In 1984 by George Orwell, it shows an entire society who can not speak out about their beliefs, and if they doShow MoreRelatedHow The Ghana Is Influenced By African Art1493 Words   |  6 Pagesable to concept the uncivilised nature of African societies. We will also look at the relationship between the Benin Bronzes, as African art, rather than modern art in the west. 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Ever since we put him on the corporate debt desk as a specialist, he hasn’t been himself. You know how much he likes to run his own show. As far as teamwork is concerned, well, he’s not exactly ‘bonding’ with the New York crew. To be frank,Read MoreHistory of Social Work18530 Words   |  75 Pages...............................................................28 Mary Richmond.......................................................................................................................................................29 George Orwell, John Howard Griffin, Pat Moore, Tolly Toynbee, Gà ¼nther Wallraff, Barbara Ehrenreich ............30 Sir William Beveridge ...................................................................................................................................Read MoreConsumer Buying Behaviour of Magazines7993 Words   |  32 Pagesleaders realized how powerful an instrument the periodicals were for spreading ideas. 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Dr Conrad s Heart Of Darkness And Salih s Season Of...

The unpleasant and painful experience of colonialism in Africa has great effects on almost all faces of life such as language, education, religion, popular culture and the like. Colonial and post-colonial novels in Africa have therefore become unusual weapons used to change the European idea about the third world peoples and to illustrate how the European colonizer could create unequal relations of power, based on binary oppositions such as â€Å"First–world† and â€Å"third–world†; â€Å"white† and â€Å"black†, â€Å"colonizer† and â€Å"colonized†, etc. This duality can be seen clear in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and Salih’s Season of Migration to the North. Conrad’s novel is filled with literal and metaphoric opposites: the Congo and the Thames, black and white, Europe and Africa, good and evil, purity and corruption, civilization and triumphant bestiality , light and the very heart of darkness . It is therefore true to say that the primary concern of most post-colonial African novelists, like Al-Tayyib Salih, Chinua Achebe and others, is to change for better the history of their people which colonialism has taken off or manipulated. The African novel occupies a central position in the criticism of colonial portrayal of the African continent and its people. It grew, in part, from a history of active resistance to the colonial encounter. It has been crossing boundaries and assaulting walls imposed by History upon the horizon of the continent whose aspirations it has been striving to

World Civilizations Free Essays

Ancient world civilizations date back from 3500-500 BC. Some of the early ancient include Egypt, the Roman Empire, the Baghvad Gita, Mesopotamia and Deities of Warriors to mention a few.. We will write a custom essay sample on World Civilizations or any similar topic only for you Order Now Research conducted by scholars indicate that civilizations did not begin in the west as most people believe. As a matter of fact ancient civilization began from the northern desert and the Mediterranean regions. Civilization was not an event but a process. It therefore did not happen spontaneously but took length of time. There are various ancient civilizations as already mentioned which include Egypt, Mesopotamia, Warriors and Deities in the Near East, India’s Beginnings, Ancient China among others. This paper focuses on each one of them analyzing how each was established. The history of ancient Egypt was characterized by fascination. Egypt is actually of the ancient establishments that may be said to have been rich in civilizations. Some of the memorable fascinations that characterize Egypt’s civilization included; the pyramids, the sphinx, Chariots of the Gods, writings wall paintings and a whole lot of works of art. These among others help us understand the style and way of life in ancient Egypt including their way of life. The geographical location of Egypt is north eastern of the African continent. It took slighting above 300 years. Civilization of ancient Egypt was also characterized of control of resources both human and natural. Other activities included irrigation, mining of minerals, trade and military ventures. Mesopotamia is also another ancient civilization whose geographical location is between two rivers known as Tigris and Euphrates. Mesopotamia is actually said to be the first world civilization among all other ancient civilizations. Some major activities that characterized ancient Mesopotamia included construction of levees to control destructive flooding. Irrigation using canals was also very common. History has it that the southern part of Mesopotamia came to be known as Sumer and thus the residents were known as Sumerians. The Sumerians had civilized systems of administration where they organized themselves in city states. Their place of worship was known as Ziggurat and only priests were allowed since it was a sacred place. Every city state had at lease one temple. Other characteristics of ancient Mesopotamia included was an ancient form of writing known as Cuneiform and Stylus which was instrument made from reed which they used to write. Young boys also attended a school known Edubba after which they graduated to scribes. Also classified among the ancient world civilizations is China whose history of establishment dates back to 15th century BC. The major characteristic of this ancient civilization is the writings which looked like turtle shells. However China is known to have experienced political instability. This may have been as a result of the various dynasties that constituted the whole Kingdom. Originally ancient China was made up of city states which later grew to dynasties. China administration was based on dynasties until recently. In the Near East the Major characteristic was warriors and Deities. The warriors were considered stronger active and more hardworking than other people. There were gods who facilitated the success of war. In conclusion every ancient civilization had some features which characterized its establishment. However, as noted all civilizations took quite a process. All civilizations have however changed and most of them are now modern. How to cite World Civilizations, Papers

Consumer Behavior Case Study free essay sample

Cadillacs new customer can be described as a subculture for many reasons. A subculture can be defined as a group whose members share beliefs and common experiences that set them apart from others. In 1998, when GM Introduced Its first Escalated, a new customer based was created for Cadillac. Prior to this new product, the customer base of Cadillac primarily consisted of upper-middle class, aging, Caucasian drivers. The conception of the Escalated extended the targeted market, and created a new customer-based for Cadillac of which a new subculture emerged.This subculture consist of individuals who share the common experience of owning a huge, luxurious, SUB that is appealing to the average pop culture individual. This subculture can be described as a completely new blend of demographics (known to Cadillac) ranging from young professional athletes to rap artist, mostly of African American decent. 2. There are a few mall features and attributes of the Escalated that have made It a hip-hop hit. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Behavior Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The tangible features and attributes Include the large exterior and huge grill with appealing rims and tires that gives the SUB a luxurious look.Intangible attributes include the endorsements by various hip-hop artists, along with the safety, durability, and other pros associated with the Cadillac brand. The features of the SUB have been showcased and praised in many hip-hop artist videos and songs that make it a legit Hip-Hop hit. The hip-hop appeal for this vehicle was given with its inception therefore, I believe it would be difficult to extend the appeal to other (pre- existing) models. However, Cadillac will be able to extend a new appeal targeted to the pop culture by way of a new sedan (car) model especially now, while moreAmericans even In the pop culture are becoming more economical In their spending, which may create a new- broader subculture. 3. There are great lessons to be learned from Cadillacs good fortune with its Escalated model that other companies should learn. One lesson is the importance of understanding the buying habits of various cultures so that you can create a prominent subculture that enjoys your product. Cadillac took pride in building a relationship with the pop culture and realized that the brands success was contributed to the hip-hop popularity.They create an in-your-face, billing-billing, stylish icicle that appealed to the pop culture. Another lesson that other companies can take into account is that, Its important to build relationships with companies and icons (people) that endorse and buy your products. In 2007 Cadillac, before the release of the new Escalated model invited 35 of the biggest names in entertainment to a sneak preview of the new model. This tactful event helped Cadillac gather Important Information about the pros and cons.

2nd Generation Reforms free essay sample

Economic Reforms in India since 1991 India was a latecomer to economic reforms, embarking on the process in earnest only in 1991, in the wake of an exceptionally severe balance of payments crisis. The need for a policy shift had become evident much earlier, as many countries in East Asia achieved high growth and poverty reduction through policies which emphasized greater export orientation and encouragement of the private sector.India took some steps in this direction in the 1980s, but it was not until 1991 that the government signaled a systemic shift to a more open economy with greater reliance upon market forces, a larger role for the private sector including foreign investment, and a restructuring of the role of government. In 1980s growth was unsustainable, fuelled by a buildup of external debt which culminated in the crisis of 1991.In sharp contrast, growth in the 1990s was accompanied by remarkable external stability despite the East Asian crisis. We will write a custom essay sample on 2nd Generation Reforms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Poverty also declined significantly in the post-reform period, and at a faster rate than in the 1980s according to some studies. In the following paper, five major areas are covered by the reform program: fiscal deficit reduction, industrial and trade policy, agricultural policy, infrastructure development and social sector development.Savings, Investment and Fiscal Discipline Fiscal profligacy was seen to have caused the balance of payments crisis in 1991 and a reduction in the fiscal deficit was therefore an urgent priority at the start of the reforms. The combined fiscal deficit of the central and state governments was successfully reduced from 9. 4 percent of GDP in 1990-91 to 7 percent in both 1991-92 and 1992-93 and the balance of payments crisis was over by 1993.The fiscal failures of both the central and the state governments have squeezed the capacity of both the center and the states to undertake essential public investment. High levels of government borrowing have also crowded out private investment. Unless this problem is addressed, the potential benefits from reforms in other areas will be eroded and it may be difficult even to maintain the average growth rate of 6 percent experienced in the first ten years after the reforms, let alone accelerate to 8 percent. Reforms in Industrial and Trade Policy Reforms in industrial and trade policy were a central focus of much of India’s reform effort in the early stages. Industrial policy prior to the reforms was characterized by multiple controls over private investment which limited the areas in which private investors were allowed to operate, and often also determined the scale of operations, the location of new investment, and even the technology to be used.The industrial structure that evolved under this regime was highly inefficient and needed to be supported by a highly protective trade policy, often providing tailor-made protection to each sector of industry. The costs imposed by these policies had been extensively studied (for example, Bhagwati and Desai, 1965; Bhagwati and Srinivasan, 1971; Ahluwalia, 1985) and by 1991 a broad consensus had emerged on the need for greater liberalization and openness. A great deal has been achieved at the end of ten years of gradualist reforms.Industr ial Policy Industrial policy has seen the greatest change, with most central government industrial controls being dismantled. The list of industries reserved solely for the public sector which used to cover 18 industries has been drastically reduced to three: defense aircrafts and warships, atomic energy generation, and railway transport. Industrial licensing by the central government has been almost abolished except for a few hazardous and environmentally sensitive industries.The requirement that investments by large industrial houses needed a separate clearance under the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act to discourage the concentration of economic power was abolished and the act itself is to be replaced by a new competition law which will attempt to regulate anticompetitive behavior in other ways. Industrial liberalization by the central government needs to be accompanied by supporting action by state governments.Private investors require many permissions from state governments to start operations, like connections to electricity and water supply and environmental clearances. They must also interact with the state bureaucracy in the course of day-to-day operations because of laws governing pollution, sanitation, workers’ welfare and safety, and such. A recently completed joint study by the World Bank and the Confederation of Indian Industry (Stern, 2001) found that the investment climate varies widely across states and these ifferences are reflected in a disproportional share of investment, especially foreign investment, being concentrated in what are seen as the more investor-friendly states (Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu) to the disadvantage of other states (like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal). Investors perceived a 30 percent cost advantage in some states over others, on account of the availability of infrastructure and the quality of governance. These differences across states have led to an increase in the variation in state growth rates, with some of the less favored states actually decelerating compared to the 1980s (Ahluwalia, 2002). Because liberalization has created a more competitive environment, the pay off from pursuing good policies has increased, thereby increasing the importance of state level action. Infrastructure deficiencies will take time and resources to remove but deficiencies in governance could be handled more quickly with sufficient political will. Trade PolicyTrade policy reform has also made progress, though the pace has been slower than in industrial liberalization. Before the reforms, trade policy was characterized by high tariffs and pervasive import restrictions. Imports of manufactured consumer goods were completely banned. For capital goods, raw materials and intermediates, certain lists of goods were freely importable, but for most items where domestic substitutes were being produced, imports w ere only possible with import licenses. The criteria for issue of licenses were nontransparent, delays were endemic and corruption unavoidable.The economic reforms sought to phase out import licensing and also to reduce import duties. Import licensing was abolished relatively early for capital goods and intermediates which became freely importable in 1993, simultaneously with the switch to a flexible exchange rate regime. Import licensing had been traditionally defended on the grounds that it was necessary to manage the balance of payments, but the shift to a flexible exchange rate enabled the government to argue that any balance of payments impact would be effectively dealt with through exchange rate flexibility.Removing quantitative restrictions on imports of capital goods and intermediates was relatively easy, because the number of domestic producers was small and Indian industry welcomed the move as making it more competitive. It was much more difficult in the case of final consumer goods because the number of domesti c producers affected was very large (partly because much of the consumer goods industry had been reserved for small scale production).Quantitative restrictions on imports of manufactured consumer goods and agricultural products were finally removed on April 1, 2001, almost exactly ten years after the reforms began, and that in part because of a ruling by a World Trade Organization dispute panel on a complaint brought by the United States. Progress in reducing tariff protection, the second element in the trade strategy, has been even slower and not always steady. As shown in Table 3, the weighted average import duty rate declined from the very high level of 72. percent in 1991-92 to 24. 6 percent in 1996-97. However, the average tariff rate then increased by more than 10 percentage points in the next four years. In February 2002, the government signaled a return to reducing tariff protection. The peak duty rate was reduced to 30 percent, a number of duty rates at the higher end of the existing structure were lowered, while many low end duties were raised to 5 percent. The net result is that the weighted average duty rate is 29 percent in 2002-03.Although India’s tariff levels are significantly lower than in 1991, they remain among the highest in the developing world because most other developing countries have also reduced tariffs in this period. The weighted average import duty in China and southeast Asia is currently about half the Indian level. The government has announced that average tariffs will be reduced to around 15 percent by 2004, but even if this is implemented, tariffs in India will be much higher than in China which has committed to reduce weighted average duties to about 9 percent by 2005 as a condition for admission to the World Trade Organization.

Ganhdi essays

Ganhdi essays Gandhi is the true story of one mans devotion to his religion, he also helped to open a whole new aspect of the very different ways of the Hindu religion. The movie portrayed Gandhi as a man of courageous actions and strong will to pave the path for his people. Gandhi was ready and willing to do anything and everything for his country even sacrificing his own life. He stood up for the people by addressing the British government of the unfair justice that the people were living. This film had a huge affect on me. Before seeing it, I had a very limited understanding of who Gandhi was. I was simply in awe that someone like Gandhi accomplished what he accomplished in the amount of time he did. The film showed how to deal with a violent situation with non-violence. Im now a firm believer in that the best ways to achieve liberty, equality, and justice is through non-violent means. What moved me the most was this quote Gandhi said You must be the change you hope to see in this world. To me this means that change starts with you. This film has a lot to do with human rights of the Indians and others like them against the British Empire. The scene where the crowd of about 1,000+ Indians are fired on by the British soldiers is one of the most brutal things I have ever watched. This deeply affected me because first of all it was hard to watch but second of all I learned that the Indians did not fight back because they were dealing with this situation in a non-violent way. The most important connection this film had to human rights was the way that part of human rights violations comes from the capacity of the people being oppressed. This film also showed the compassion Gandhi had even for those who arrested his and beat him. We could learn a lot form Gandhi in our everyday lives, weather it comes to work, school or relationships with others. This movie raises the question in my mind could this really work? It s...

Italian Immigration and class politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Italian Immigration and class politics - Essay Example The second period happened in the early 90’s with a composition of mostly refugees from Eastern Europe. The third phase coincided with implementation of immigration policies that sought to integrate immigrants. Prior to 1990 the media portrayed a migrant as black and nomadic. Since 1991 the image is that of a gypsy type people from Eastern Europe. During the three periods the media also showcased migrants in a folkloric image, as being marginalized, and a more recent image as one participating in criminal activities. The stance taken by the media towards immigrants has been inconsistent ranging from arguments that immigration can be beneficial to the Italian economy to fuelling the public’s fear and antipathy towards foreigners. Generally the media ignores the suffering and exploitation of migrants and sometimes blame immigrants for racist acts committed against them. The newspapers that are connected to the political left show more tolerance while those connected to the political right are more anti-foreigner. The media’s portrayal of migrant women changed from domestic helpers in the first period to a more stable family oriented woman with the arrival of Islamic women, to those predominantly black victims of human trafficking in recent years. The Italian Communist party has been constantly changing. The party started in 1921 when it broke away from the socialist party in order to take a path that was more fundamentally communist. In 1944 Palmiro Togliatti outlined a new direction for the party. He preferred the party to operate through a policy of alliances, including recognition of the monarch and the Catholic Church. This new thrust ended in 1947 but in 1956 Togliatti again tried to continue with his pro democratic plan. The years following this thrust found the party in isolation partially due to the development and evolvement of other political and social groups. It wasn’t an attractive option for neither the far right nor the far left. Their

Marketing plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing plan - Assignment Example Personal contact with the client should be coupled with the use of the ever growing and beneficial social media platforms (Benett, 2009). Moreover, the business will incorporate client promotion as a key component of its marketing channels and tactics. The span and salon sector has experienced exponential growth over the last couple of years. The services are sought after majorly for relaxation. Most of the users of the services choose the salon or spa to visit on the basis of the range of services that are offered and the proximity to their places of work and residential homes (McDonald & Keegan, 2002). The quality of the service and the prices also influence consumer decision. A lot of service providers operating in Houston have targeted the high end market. These are individuals in stable employment and are on a stable income. Most of them charge an average of $ 250 for their services. From the price analysis, it is clear that a lot of people are locked out from this vital amenity. The need for affordable quality services in a convenient location is quite evident in the Houston market, based on the available data and it is such vital market needs that Divine Divas Salon seeks to satisfy. Divine Divas Salon targets people from all social classes living in Houston. The reason why the enterprise has decided to target the entire market is to avoid locking out those who had been previously denied access to the services due to the exorbitant charges. This market is made up of several groups that have different needs and characteristics. The first group consists of customers recovering from injuries. These clients need massage therapies and in most cases the charges are paid by the insurer (McDonald, 2011). The second group consists of clients who are out to pamper themselves. Majority of the members of the second cluster are

Renal Excretion of Paracetamol | Experiment

Renal Excretion of Paracetamol | Experiment Paracetamol, known as acetaminophen in the USA, is one of the most commonly used analgesic and antipyretic drugs available over-the-counter. Its common name derives from the full chemical name: para-acetyl-amino-phenol, with the chemical formula C8H9NO2Â  and a molecular weight of 151.17. Paracetamol does not have any significant anti-inflammatory action and therefore cannot be accurately described as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), as was once thought. Its mechanism of action is still poorly understood but some studies have suggested that it inhibits a variant of the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme COX-1, which has been designated COX-3 (Swierkosz et al., 2002). Paracetamol acts mainly in the central nervous system and endothelial cells, rather than in platelets and immune cells. Boutaud and colleagues (2002) hypothesised that this may be explained by the high levels of peroxides found in the latter cell types, which inhibit the action of paracetamol. There has been some debate on the subject, with other researchers proposing an inhibitory action against COX-2 (Graham Scott, 2005). Further research is required to fully elucidate the mechanism of action at the molecular level. Following oral administration and absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, paracetamol enters the blood and is distributed throughout the body. It is metabolised by enzymes in the hepatocytes of the liver and the majority is converted to inactive metabolites by conjugation with sulphate or glucuronide. This is then filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and into the urine, via active renal tubular secretion. A small portion of paracetamol remains unaltered and passes into the urine via glomerular filtration and passive absorption (Morris Levy, 1984). There is also a small proportion of the paracetamol that is metabolised by the cytochrome P450 system, which results in the formation of cysteine or glutathione conjugates and mercapturic acid conjugates. These products of oxidative metabolism are also excreted renally (Andrews et al. 1976). Paracetamol has a low therapeutic index, so the therapeutic dose is very close to the toxic dose. Toxicity can occur following a single large dose (>10g) or with chronic lower doses (4-5g/d) and is usually seen as hepatotoxicity, which can result in death within several days (Wikipedia). Toxicity occurs when the enzymes responsible for catalysing sulphate and glucuronide conjugation become saturated, forcing metabolism to be increasingly dependent upon the cytochrome P450 system. This results in formation of a toxic metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzo-quinone imine (NAPQI), which is normally mopped up by binding to the sulphydryl group of glutathione to form inactive conjugates and mercapturic acid. Toxicity occurs when the glutathione supply becomes exhausted and NAPQI binds indiscriminately to molecules within the cell, such as membranes, to cause cell damage and death, seen as acute hepatic necrosis. Major pathway for normal metabolism Minor pathway via cytochrome P450 system produces toxic metabolite (NAPQI), shown in red. Normally this is detoxified by binding to glutathione. Toxicity occurs when pathways 1 and 2 are overloaded and NAPQI binds to molecules of the cell, causing damage. Modified from Rang et al. 1995. The aim of this experiment is to investigate the renal excretion of paracetamol, by measuring the levels of paracetamol metabolites in human urine over 6 hours following an oral dose of 500mg. The total excretion will be assessed using the spectrophotometric method. From this data the elimination rate constant (KE) and the half-life (T1/2) will be calculated. Qualitative analysis of the various metabolites will be conducted using appropriate chemical identification techniques. METHOD A standard stock solution of paracetamol was prepared at 1mg/cm3 and dilutions were made to give a range of known concentrations. 1 cm3 of the paracetamol solution was added to 1 cm3 blank urine and 4 cm3 4M HCl, and mixed thoroughly. A blank duplicate was also prepared, using water instead of urine. After an hour in a boiling water bath the tubes were cooled and water added, up to 10 cm3. 1 cm3 of this hydrolysed urine solution was added to 10 cm3of colour forming solution, mixed and allowed to stand for 40 minutes. The absorbance of each solution was measured, using the spectrophotometer, zeroing the instrument using the drug free urine sample in between solutions. This produced the readings for the calibration curve. The collected timed urine samples were then processed in the same way, adding 1 cm3 water instead of paracetamol solution. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Known concentrations of paracetamol underwent spectrophotometry to measure the absorbance at 620nm. These results were used to produce a calibration curve (figure 3). The timed urine samples were then analysed following the same protocol and the absorbance at 620nm was used, in conjunction with the calibration curve to ascertain the concentration of paracetamol in the urine. Unfortunately, half of the samples produced absorbances outside the range of the calibration curve. Because this curve is non-linear, extrapolation and dilution cannot be used to accurately deduce the concentration of paracetamol in the urine. For the purposes of this report the concentration for these samples has been declared as ‘greater than 800ug/cm3’. This is not very satisfactory and further experiments must be done to extend the range of the calibration curve to the maximum absorbancy of the timed samples. The values of KE and T1/2 have been calculated to demonstrate the procedure, but are ina ccurate and will need revising once accurate concentrations have been established form the calibration curve. Table 1: Timed urine sample Mean absorbance 620nm Conc. ug/cm3 Vol. Urine (ml) Total drug (ug of paracetamol) Excretion rate mg/h 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 hour 0.256 192 245 47040 47 2 hours 1.918 >800 50 40000 40 3 hours 1.769 >800 38 30400 30.4 4 hours 1.028 >800 55 44000 44 5 hours 0.349 246 135 33210 33.2 6 hours 0.255 192 160 30720 30.7 Table 1 contains the absorbance results of the timed urine samples and the deduced concentration of paracetamol in the urine, as well as the hourly excretion rate. The total amount of paracetamol excreted over the 6 hour period was 225.3mg, which is 45% of the orally administered dose. Due to problems discussed above, this is an underestimate of the true percentage of dose excreted renally, which has been found to be 55-70% by other studies (Steventon et al., 1996). When log of the excretion rate (equivalent to total drug excreted per hour) is plotted against time, a linear plot should be achieved, from which KE can be estimated. This is shown in Figure 4, but is likely to need revising. The slope of this straight line equates to : KE /2.303, which gives a value for KE of 0.094. Using the formula: T1/2 =0.692/ KE , the value of T1/2 = 7.36 hours. This states that it takes the body 7.36 hours to excrete half of the drug administered. This is longer than the 1-4 hours usually quoted for paracetamol (Rang et al. 1995), and is not surprising given the underestimation of the paracetamol urine concentration. With proper calibration, this would be expected to decrease to nearer the previously found results. There were no results for the qualitative studies for metabolite composition, but it would be expected that sulphate and glucuronide conjugates would constitute the majority of the sample, with a smaller quantity of unchanged paracetamol, cysteine/glutathione and mercapturic acid metabolites. These results only represent one individual on one day and replications of this experiment are crucial. Nutritional status, recent alcohol consumption, ethnic background, concurrent drug usage and illness must all be taken into account as factors that may affect paracetamol metabolism and excretion (Riordan Williams, 2002, Patel Tang, 1992). Further analysis of paracetamol excretion Hepatotoxicity and drug interactions Table 2 shows how concurrent use of phenobarbital, an anti-epileptic drug, can increase the severity of liver damage caused by paracetamol administration and its subsequent metabolism. Table 2: Effect of Phenobarbital on paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity Treatment Dose of Paracetamol (mg/kg) Severity of liver necrosis None3751-2+ Phenobarbital3752-4+_________ This occurs due to metabolism of phenobarbital by enzymes of the P450 cytochrome system, which results in upregulation of their production. As explained in the introduction (see fig. 2), P450 enzymes also metabolise paracetamol, to form the toxic metabolite NAPQI. This is normally a minor pathway but as the amount of P450 enzymes available increases, the activity of this pathway also increases. This results in a larger than normal amount of NAPQI, which is mopped up and inactivated by glutathione. Glutathione supplies will eventually run out, which occurs sooner if the person is malnourished. When this happens the toxic metabolite binds to cell components, causing necrosis. To prevent this occurring, such as in cases of overdose, N-acetylcysteine can be given (Routledge et al., 1998), which is required for glutathione synthesis and helps to boost it. This allows a greater amount of the toxic metabolite to be mopped up and reduces cell damage. Paracetamol metabolism following hepatotoxicity Table 3: Plasma paracetamol concentrations (ug/cm3) PatientsPlasma paracetamol4 hrs after12hrs after Half life (h)ingestioningestion _______________________________________________________________ no liver damage (18)2.9 +/= 0.3163 +/=20 29.5 +/=6 liver damage (23) 7.2+/= 0.7296 +/= 26 124 +/=22___ Table 3 shows that, in a study, the ability of patients with liver damage to eliminate paracetamol from the blood is much decreased, compared to healthy people. This is seen by the prolonged half-life and the high levels of paracetamol in the plasma. The plasma level does come down by 12 hrs, which indicates that there is enough functional liver reserve to metabolise some of the drug, but the level is still very high. To ascertain whether it is just conjugation that is affected, or whether all the pathways are affected equally it would be necessary to quantify the levels of different metabolites in the blood and urine. As conjugation is responsible for the majority of metabolism, damage to all systems will still show up as affecting conjugation the most. In theory reduced clearance of a substance is useful for monitoring the severity of liver damage, but in the case of paracetamol it would be unwise as it could potentiate the hepatotoxic effects and worsen the liver condition. It is also unnecessary as there are already a number of reliable blood tests for liver function and damage. REFERENCES Andrews, R. S., Bond, C. C., Burnett, J., Saunders, A. Watson, K. 1976 Isolation and identification of paracetamol metabolites. J Int Med Res 4, 34-9. Boutaud, O., Aronoff, D. M., Richardson, J. H., Marnett, L. J. Oates, J. A. 2002 Determinants of the cellular specificity of acetaminophen as an inhibitor of prostaglandin H(2) synthases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99, 7130-5. Graham, G. G. Scott, K. F. 2005 Mechanism of action of paracetamol. Am J Ther 12, 46-55. Morris, M. E. Levy, G. 1984 Renal clearance and serum protein binding of acetaminophen and its major conjugates in humans. J Pharm Sci 73, 1038-41. Patel, M., Tang, B. K. Kalow, W. 1992 Variability of acetaminophen metabolism in Caucasians and Orientals. Pharmacogenetics 2, 38-45. Rang, H. P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M. 1995 Pharmacology: Churchill Livingstone. Riordan, S. M. Williams, R. 2002 Alcohol exposure and paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. Addict Biol 7, 191-206. Routledge, P., Vale, J. A., Bateman, D. N., Johnston, G. D., Jones, A., Judd, A., Thomas, S., Volans, G., Prescott, L. F. Proudfoot, A. 1998 Paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning. No need to change current guidelines to accident departments. Bmj 317, 1609-10. Steventon, G. B., Mitchell, S. C. Waring, R. H. 1996 Human metabolism of paracetamol (acetaminophen) at different dose levels. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 13, 111-7. Swierkosz, T. A., Jordan, L., McBride, M., McGough, K., Devlin, J. Botting, R. M. 2002 Actions of paracetamol on cyclooxygenases in tissue and cell homogenates of mouse and rabbit. Med Sci Monit 8, BR496-503. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamol.

Personal Narrative- Ridicule of a Child :: Personal Narrative Essays

Personal Narrative- Ridicule of a Child â€Å"Why do you ask?... Well, she’s weird.... For instance, she wears black outfits that cling to her body with red spandex.... No I’m serious. Her hair is half black and half blonde, too.... The other day she was walking down the hall with a red feathered boa wrapped around her neck.. .. Yeah, I see her every day sifting by herself in a corner all the time. . . . I guess you can’t blame her. What did happen to her when she was little?† â€Å"Oooonnnncccceeee I was at hhhhoooommmmeeee, and I ssssaaaawwww...† We despised the way her heart-shaped lips gawked open as she slurred her words. Mary Beth sounded like a lost, bleating lamb. She was the most entertaining character to imitate when my friends and I were at slumber parties. We all perfected the rhythmic pattern of her speech. And then there was her appearance. Mary Beth’s gangly body towered over the other fourth graders, and her lemon-blonde hair rested on her shoulders in knotted clumps. Strands of hair constantly fell in front of her face, and she would constantly sculpt them behind her ear. Every day she came dressed for school in brilliant colored leggings partially covered by a relaxed sweatshirt unevenly rolled at the sleeves. Her plump belly took shape under her shirts, creasing slightly, like a curtain conforming to its width. Her feet plowed into her white Keds and snuggled inside fluorescent socks scrunched at the ankle. Mary Beth’s Keds curved toward each other as she stepped, and it was evident she was pigeon-toed. (This was another characteristic we loved to imitate.) I saw her ferociously sprint during gym and on our Field Day. It was dreadful. Her leg stampeded into each other in an effort to run straight. Her arms flung back and forth anxiously like an ape’s, and I could see her tongue sticking out of her crooked mouth in determination. She was hopeless. Autumn was approaching, and so was Mary Beth’s birthday party. Incredibly, all the girls invited, including me, showed up. We even brought presents, the ones our moms had carefully picked out in consideration. We were too reluctant and far too busy with our own lives to shop for a person we mocked. The arrival of girls seemed unrealistic until I discovered why they had come. It was a party, who wouldn’t show up?

Effects of Social Problems Symptoms Essay

The symptoms of social problems among teenagers in this day will give you an impression of the enormous impact and in the individual, society and the State. Teens on this day is the main asset and it is essential in the development of the country at the time to come. Effect of long term and short term will surely apply if teenagers and society on this day does not know how to menanganani problems that exacerbated the tapered, this makes the formation of identity and the glory of the morals of our society’s eyes fragile self.Morals is mirrored themselves for personal and individual. If the individual has a bad character, then that personal individual will also be bad. Teens who have bad attitudes, and may give the impression to oneself, family, community, and country. One employee who was born this mortal circle like a white cloth sesuci no kotoranya, it is it is up on the individual it how he wants to mencorakkan his life. Individuals who mencorakkan himself with a good character will be seen noble and high, as opposed to the individual who mencorakkan himself with negative things will be perceived by the public and angle dicemuh round. For someone who had the title of Muslims are predominantly teens, good morals should be decorated with the things of faith and devotion to God. Instead, the muslim teenager kebanyankkan on today is not in accordance with the teachings of islam, by contrast, Nations and religions humiliating the country. Cannot be disclaimed warranties are also symptoms of social impression this gives a deep impression on a person’s teens. Families play a role that is very important because of the happiness and harmony of the institution of kekeluargaanlah something that society was formed. The collapse of the family institution will cause a loss of happiness and harmony experienced something of the community. The morals of an individual good and noble juveniles comes from a family institution that harmony and happy. Therefore, the collapse of morals in the family institution will give a great impression upon the happiness and harmony of the family institution. something As a result of his careless harmonian in family a family no doubt will be the enactment of penceraian. This will make the future children will be left unattended and not well maintained, beyond missing site dependent and bermanja. The effect the enactment of social problems such as drugs, addictive lepak cultures, prostitution, gambling, same-sex relationships and other issues. Falls and ups something the State, religion and the nation at present is to see morals and moral thing for society. The disclaimed warranties not the morals of adolescents in today’s highly membimbangkan society. If this is not dammed by the party – the party that, chiefly by the Empire, then it is not surprising, someday will come our society will crumble and collapse the morals of adolescents – Malay teen will chiefly rosak and perish. However there is the sharpest impression that will be seen on teen attitudes, and presumably today is not dammed quickly. People in this country will be porak-peranda, were divided and not United-ECE. As a result the bad feelings and prejudices will exist within the community. The nature of each curiga-mencurigai will be enthroned in the hearts of the people. This impression when menberi goes pergaduhan in the community. The incoherent issues will exist if pergaduhan this involves between two clans. As for the crime levels in the community will also increase to which this is due to the levels of moral collapse among teenagers has increased. The main implications against the State if the symptoms are not social ditengani soon will lead the country will lose the leadership generation upholstery in the future. This will make the country’s development will be terbantut kerancakan and State socioeconomic data into humid country because his social and moral collapse of the symptoms is high among the public. This makes the case for the crime levels in the country will also increase in line with increased social symptoms he while enhancing the perbelajaan of kos to reduce rates for the crime. Beyond the evils outside evils will seep into the country if the young generation today don’t know keep their morals. And, the main impression is that teens today are predominantly of Islamic morals teenagers crushed and then view rosak Gentiles against religion that we anuti on this day surely gone Askew and bad.

The Relationship Between Food, And Culture - 1433 Words

In every culture, habits involving food such as, choosing, cooking, and eating, play a significant role. Eating is understood and communicated in various symbolic ways because it is never a purely biological activity. The consumption of food is always infused with meaning. People with adequate food resources use food not only as a means for survival but a means for communication. Food is symbolic throughout the world in modern human history. The Boston Tea Party was about taxes, not tea. The turkey on Thanksgivings symbolizes the celebration between the Pilgrims and Native Americans. The Great Depression is symbolized with pictures of bread lines and people selling apples. This paper will discuss the multifaceted relationships among food, and culture. I will be looking at the relationships people have with food, and explore how this relationship reveals information about them. Their food choices of individuals and groups, can reveal their ideals, likes and dislikes. Food choices tell the stories of where people have travelled and who they have met along the way. You are what you eat, is a common phrase characterizing the idea of food and identity. Several questions that discuss the notion of using food as a cultural clue will be addressed, such as: What do food choices represent? How do food choices represent cultural identity? Is it important to recognize the difference between what you eat representing what you are and what you eat constructing who you are? Our identityShow MoreRelatedThe Short Story Cycle Interpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri1030 Words   |  5 Pagesvalue a wide variety of different things. In the short story cycle Interpreter of Maladies, the author Jhumpa Lahiri explores the importance of food and meals in Indian culture. This is illustrated through the connections her characters form with cultures, places, or even other people as a result of food. 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